甲苯与TX100溶液间气液平衡关系

采用气相EPICS(equilibrium partitioning in closed system)法研究了甲苯与非离子表面活性剂TritonX-100(TX100)溶液间气液平衡分配关系.研究表明,甲苯的表观亨利系数(Hc)随TX100浓度的增加而降低,TX100可明显地影响甲苯在气液相的分配行为,抑制甲苯挥发;当TX100的浓度低于其临界胶束浓度(CMC),浓度的增加对Hc影响不明显,抑制甲苯挥发能力相对较弱;浓度大于CMC,Hc随表面活性剂浓度的增加迅速降低.温度对Hc的影响显著,温度升高,相应Hc也随之增大.     

新型双槽光电化学反应器对活性艳红的降解研究

用热氧化法制备了TiO2/Ti薄膜电极,并用XRD和AFM对TiO2/Ti薄膜电极的晶形和表面形貌进行了表征。结果表明：热氧化法制备的TiO2主要为锐钛型纳米颗粒,直径在40 nm左右。设计了一种新型双槽光电化学反应器,用于废水的处理。以热氧化法制备的TiO2/Ti薄膜电极为阳极进行光电催化反应,同时以石墨电极为阴极用于产生双氧水,并与紫外光组成UV/H2O2体系。考察了双槽反应器中活性艳红X-3B在不同条件下的降解效果。降解结果表明：在新型反应器的阴阳两极槽中,活性艳红不仅在TiO2/Ti阳极槽中被降解,而且在石墨阴极槽中也得到降解;活性艳红在酸性条件下的降解效果最好;相对于单纯的电化学氧化和光催化,光电化学协同作用对X-3B的降解效果最好。     

土壤环境中2株典型非离子表面活性剂降解菌的应用效果

采用室内培养法研究菌株B35和T100对土壤微生物区系及非离子表面活性剂(Brij35和TX-100)降解的影响.结果表明,非离子表面活性剂对土壤中的部分微生物有一定的毒害作用,抑制了细菌和放线菌的生长,且TX-100的毒害作用强于Brij35.另外,菌株B35和T100对土壤中非离子表面活性剂Brij35和TX-100有强降解作用,经菌株B35处理后,茶园土和菜园土中的非离子表面活性剂Brij35的降解率分别为67.26%～72.55%和67.86%～82.55%;经菌株T100处理后,茶园土和菜园土中的非离子表面活性剂TX-100的降解率分别为66.02%～70.04%和72.02%～72.27%.微生物活度与有机质含量和毒性物质密切相关.立即接种降解菌的降解作用弱于缓后接种.      

掺硫改性TiO2对活性艳红X-3B的光催化降解性能研究

以硫脲为硫的源物质，以钛酸四丁酯为TiO₂的前驱体，采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了掺硫改性TiO₂光催化剂。以活性艳红X-3B为目标污染物，研究了该催化剂的光催化降解性能，对硫掺杂量、催化剂焙烧温度、溶液pH值以及催化剂添加量等影响因素进行了研究，并采用XRD分析手法对光催化剂进行表征。结果表明，经掺硫改性后的TiO₂的催化活性有了很大提高，且硫的掺杂有一个最佳值，即Ti∶S的摩尔比为1∶1。经掺硫改性的TiO₂在可见光区具备一定的催化活性， 180 min内对活性艳红X-3B的去除率可达35.1%,且在紫外光区的催化活性优于纯TiO₂。     

Triton X-100在土壤颗粒上的吸附特征研究

采用平衡振荡法，研究了砂土对非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100的吸附特征。结果表明，砂颗粒对Triton X-100的吸附能力总体较低，单位吸附含量均＜1.1 mg/g；砂颗粒吸附Triton X-100过程中存在显著的吸附剂浓度效应，砂颗粒上Triton X-100含量随着固液比（吸附剂浓度）的增大而减小；吸附容量q_m与平衡常数K_L值随固液比变化而变化，Langmuir方程适用范围是起始浓度C₀相对较小的固液吸附体系；0.5～1 mm石英砂的吸附能力略＞0.2～0.5 mm石英砂，0.5～1 mm和0.2～0.5 mm石英砂吸附Triton X-100变化特征具有显著的一致性，采用高斯拟合模型可以反映出石英砂吸附Triton X-100的变化规律，相关系数R²均＞0.98。     

Driver Behavior During Overtaking Maneuvers from the 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study

Objective: Lane changes with the intention to overtake the vehicle in front are especially challenging scenarios for forward collision warning (FCW) designs. These overtaking maneuvers can occur at high relative vehicle speeds and often involve no brake and/or turn signal application. Therefore, overtaking presents the potential of erroneously triggering the FCW. A better understanding of driver behavior during lane change events can improve designs of this human–machine interface and increase driver acceptance of FCW. The objective of this study was to aid FCW design by characterizing driver behavior during lane change events using naturalistic driving study data.

Methods: The analysis was based on data from the 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study, collected by the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute. The 100-Car study contains approximately 1.2 million vehicle miles of driving and 43,000 h of data collected from 108 primary drivers. In order to identify overtaking maneuvers from a large sample of driving data, an algorithm to automatically identify overtaking events was developed. The lead vehicle and minimum time to collision (TTC) at the start of lane change events was identified using radar processing techniques developed in a previous study. The lane change identification algorithm was validated against video analysis, which manually identified 1,425 lane change events from approximately 126 full trips.

Results: Forty-five drivers with valid time series data were selected from the 100-Car study. From the sample of drivers, our algorithm identified 326,238 lane change events. A total of 90,639 lane change events were found to involve a closing lead vehicle. Lane change events were evenly distributed between left side and right side lane changes. The characterization of lane change frequency and minimum TTC was divided into 10 mph speed bins for vehicle travel speeds between 10 and 90 mph. For all lane change events with a closing lead vehicle, the results showed that drivers change lanes most frequently in the 40–50 mph speed range. Minimum TTC was found to increase with travel speed. The variability in minimum TTC between drivers also increased with travel speed.

Conclusions: This study developed and validated an algorithm to detect lane change events in the 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study and characterized lane change events in the database. The characterization of driver behavior in lane change events showed that driver lane change frequency and minimum TTC vary with travel speed. The characterization of overtaking maneuvers from this study will aid in improving the overall effectiveness of FCW systems by providing active safety system designers with further understanding of driver action in overtaking maneuvers, thereby increasing system warning accuracy, reducing erroneous warnings, and improving driver acceptance.     

长江口海域悬浮物的粒度特征与成因分析

利用现场激光粒度仪(LISST-100X C型),在不扰动天然细颗粒泥沙絮凝体的情况下,于2008年7月在长江口海域测量了24个站位不同层次悬浮絮凝体的粒径分布和体积浓度.结合同步测得的海水温度、盐度和浊度数据,得出了长江口海域悬浮物的粒度特征并进行了成因分析.长江口观测海域悬浮物的平均中值粒径为4.69φ,粒级分布具有分选较差、峰态宽、近对称的特征.悬浮絮凝体的垂向平均体积含量随离岸距离的增加而显著降低,而中值粒径却具有增大的趋势;在31.0°N断面,平均中值粒径从11μm增加到了60μm.随着离岸距离的增加,细颗粒悬浮泥沙的含量显著降低,而一些粒径较大的生物体或大粒径絮凝体的含量相对增多,造成了中值粒径的明显增大.本次观测所得的有效密度在246~1 334 kg/m3之间,平均为613kg/m3.当悬浮物含量较高时,由于大絮凝体比小絮凝体的沉降速度快,大絮凝体有效密度小于小絮凝体,从而导致悬浮物的中值粒径随水深的增大而明显增大,絮凝体有效密度随水深的增加而减小;37和44站有效密度与中值粒径的相关系数均在0.9以上.     

表面活性剂去除土壤和地下水中LNAPLs作用机制研究

去除多孔介质中滞留的LNAPLs,表面活性剂对LNAPLs的增溶和降低界面张力是关键.在实验测得不同浓度Triton X-100溶液对正十六烷的增溶以及它们之间界面张力的基础上,通过平衡清洗实验和砂柱冲洗实验分析了不同形态正十六烷的产生规律和机制.结果表明,正十六烷溶解能力与Triton X-100浓度成正比,当Triton X-100浓度大于临界胶束浓度CMC时,计算得摩尔增溶比MSR=1.680 4,胶束相/水相分配系数对数值lgK_mc=1.715 8;正十六烷-Triton X-100溶液之间界面张力与Triton X-100浓度成反比,其变化规律符合高斯模型（R₂=0.996 4）;溶解态正十六烷和自由态正十六烷与增溶和降低界面张力分别有较好的对应关系,表明增溶和降低界面张力都对多孔介质中正十六烷去除有影响,其中降低界面张力可以有效增加多孔介质中正十六烷的流动性,在正十六烷去除过程中起主要作用.     

Effects of nonionic surfactant Triton X-100 on the laccase-catalyzed conversion of bisphenol A

The laccase-catalyzed conversion of bisphenol A (BPA) in aqueous solutions was studied in the absence and presence of nonionic surfactant Triton X-100. It was found that the addition of Triton X-100 into the reaction system increased the conversion of BPA, especially near the critical micelle concentration of Triton X-100. Also it was found that the stability of laccase was greatly improved in the presence of TritonX-100. Studies on the endogenous fluorescence emission of laccase indicated that there existed an interaction between Triton X-100 and laccase, which was beneficial to folding and stabilizating of laccase. The binding of Triton X-100 to the laccase surface also mitigated the inactivation e ect caused by the free radicals and polymerization products. Under otherwise identical conditions, a lower dosage of laccase was needed for the higher conversion of BPA in the presence of Triton X-100.     

臭氧高级氧化技术预处理染料废水的试验研究

研究单独臭氧氧化和过氧化氢/臭氧联合作用对去除难降解染料废水CODcr、色度,提高可生化性的效果,并考察不同pH值、不同初始污染物浓度、H2O2投加量等对染料废水活性艳红X-3B处理效果的影响。实验结果表明：臭氧氧化对CODcr去除率达到50.00%,对色度的去除率接近100%,B/C由原水的0.0 507上升到0.2 768;废水在pH值为11时处理效果最好;而过氧化氢/臭氧联合作用的最佳摩尔比为0.6。